Chemical element with atomic number 16
Chemical element with atomic number 16
Sulfur, 16S |
| Sulfur |
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| Alternative name | sulphur (British spelling) |
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| Appearance | lemon yellow sintered microcrystals |
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| Standard atomic weight Ar, std(S) | [32.059, 32.076] conventional: 32.06 |
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| Sulfur in the periodic table |
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| Atomic number (Z) | 16 |
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| Group | group 16 (chalcogens) |
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| Period | period 3 |
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| Block | p-block |
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| Element category | Reactive nonmetal |
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| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p4 |
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| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 6 |
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| Physical properties |
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| Phase at STP | solid |
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| Melting point | 388.36 K (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F) |
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| Density (near r.t.) | alpha: 2.07 g/cm3
beta: 1.96 g/cm3
gamma: 1.92 g/cm3 |
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| when liquid (at m.p.) | 1.819 g/cm3 |
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| Critical point | 1314 K, 20.7 MPa |
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| Heat of fusion | mono: 1.727 kJ/mol |
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| Heat of vaporization | mono: 45 kJ/mol |
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| Molar heat capacity | 22.75 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
| P (Pa)
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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| at T (K)
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375
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408
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449
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508
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591
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717
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| Atomic properties |
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| Oxidation states | −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.58 |
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| Ionization energies | - 1st: 999.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 2252 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3357 kJ/mol
- (more)
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| Covalent radius | 105±3 pm |
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| Van der Waals radius | 180 pm |
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| Spectral lines of sulfur |
| Other properties |
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| Natural occurrence | primordial |
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| Crystal structure | orthorhombic |
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| Thermal conductivity | 0.205 W/(m·K) (amorphous) |
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| Electrical resistivity | 2×1015 Ω·m (at 20 °C) (amorphous) |
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| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[1] |
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| Magnetic susceptibility | (α) −15.5·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[2] |
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| Bulk modulus | 7.7 GPa |
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| Mohs hardness | 2.0 |
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| CAS Number | 7704-34-9 |
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| History |
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| Discovery | Chinese[3] (before 2000 BCE) |
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| Recognized as an element by | Antoine Lavoisier (1777) |
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| Main isotopes of sulfur |
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 Category: Sulfur
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